This study evaluated the impacts to the air quality, health and economy from achieving the “coal to electricity” goals, replacing residential coal with clean energy such as electricity, in the Jing-Jin-Ji region (Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei) during the 13th Five-Year period under different heating technology choices and electricity supply sources based on an integrated model combining with scenario analysis. The results indicated that the PM2.5 concentration in the three regions reduced by 6–15 μg/m3 with the implementation of the residential “coal to electricity” policy, which can avoid 22.2 thousand cases of premature death and 607.8 thousand morbidity cases. It could create 18.73–19.87 billion Yuan social net benefits in the Jing-Jin-Ji region in 2020 if three regions achieved the policy goal under the same pathway. Based on the net benefit analysis of three regions, this study gave the policy implication that Beijing and Hebei should adopt the “air source heating pump with the renewable electricity supply” pathway, while the Tianjin should adopt the “regenerative electric heater with the renewable electricity supply” pathway. The net benefits would reach to 20.34 billion Yuan if all three regions implemented the plans that maximized their own net benefits.
The purpose of the study is flush characteristics of urban runoff pollutant on different underlying surface. Select 5 typical hardened surfaces in Changzhou City and monitor the change process of rainfall runoff pollutant from March to August in 2015. The results showed that event mean concentrations (EMC) of pollutants in road runoff were higher than that of roof runoff. For road runoff, SS concentration was higher than the water quality standards by 1.34 times; COD concentration was higher than the water quality standards by 2.59 times. For the roof runoff, COD concentration was higher than the water quality standards by 1.8 times; and TN concentration was higher than the water quality standards by 2.6 times. For the roof runoff, the dissolved-bound fraction was 72.78% for COD, 57.99% for TN. For road runoff, the dissolved-bound fraction was 61.59% for TN. The pollutant concentrations were commonly higher at the initial stage, while decreased with prolonging of the rainfall time and gradually became stable at the later stage. The initial concentrations of pollutants from the underlying surface were as follows: concrete ground, asphalt ground, paved ground, flat roof and slope roof. During the rain flush, the concentration of pollutants on the underlying surface increases with the increase of the intensity of the rain which was fluctuated. The intensity of the first flush intensity varied by surface and was most intense for the flat roof, followed by the slope roof, then the asphalt road and finally the concrete road. Rainfall in pre-period was intensive and pollutant concentration was exponentially attenuated. When rainfall changes smoothly, the concentration of pollutants was stable firstly and then attenuation. When the rainfall was sparse in pre-period and intensive in the late-period, the curves of pollutant change type was multi-peak type. The index flush model had good effect to pollutant runoff simulation, the flush coefficients of COD on the slope roof, flat roof, and concrete road were 0.871, 0.765, and 0.025 mm−1, the roof flush intensity was much larger than the ground. The flush coefficient of dissolved-bound of COD and granular-bound of COD was similar on the slope roof. The flush coefficient of granular-bound of COD was greater than the dissolved-bound of COD on the flat roof and the concrete road.
